In conclusion, the hybrid integration of photonic elements using an LN film is a successful tactic for integrated photonics that can stay away from the etching of LN. Nonetheless, irrespective of whether the LN film performs being a leading cladding or a substrate, the transition reduction amongst the two layers https://-lithiumniobatecrystal68023.educationalimpactblog.com/54373666/lithium-niobate-crystal-things-to-know-before-you-buy